Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A fast growing small tree which grows best on moist, nutrient poor, acidic soils, away from the immediate area of the riverbank. Occurs widely throughout the British Isles
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to honey fungus and watermark disease

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good source of nectar and pollen for all species of bee in spring, and a good source of honeydew when aphids are active. Also provides resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)