Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A large, long lived canopy tree. Prefers damper, acidic to neutral soils, with cooler, shorter summers and high rainfall as found in upland areas, especially in the west.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to oak processionary moth, acute oak decline, and chronic oak decline

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Wind pollinated, so flowers not significant to most pollinators, though honeydew is produced on a large a scale so many bees and other pollinators will feed on this when other nectar sources are scarce. Also provides resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 0 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects which benefit from the rich honeydew source when aphids are active. Oils and resins also valuable to insects. Acorns are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree, it prefers moist or damp sheltered sites that are alkaline or only slightly acid, often found near watercourses, not fussy as to soil texture. Not tolerant of drought or extremely hot conditions. Suited to the wetter north-western parts of the British Isles.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Not of note at present in the UK

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  An excellent source of nectar and pollen just before the ‘June gap’ for all pollinators. Honeydew also produced when aphids are active
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Insufficient Data
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Honeydew produced when aphids are active, provide nectar for many insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A medium sized understorey tree of woodland. Prefers moist but well-drained and moderately fertile soil. Avoid frost pockets if being grown for fruit. No strong dependence on either acid or alkaline soil pH. Flowers and fruits best in full sun. A shallow rooted tree so not tolerant of gales or exposure.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  None of note at present in the UK.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Valuable source of early pollen and nectar, especially useful for the spring build up of all bee colonies. Honeydew also produced when aphids active. Extra-floral nectaries also producing nectar.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects such as moths and beetles. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A large, long lived canopy tree. It grows in all types of soil where there are longer, warmer summers with lower rainfall as in lowland Britain, preferring heavier loam and neutral soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to oak processionary moth, acute oak decline, and chronic oak decline

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Wind pollinated, so flowers not significant to most pollinators, though honeydew is produced on a large a scale so many bees and other pollinators will feed on this when other nectar sources are scarce. Also provides resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 0 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects making use of the honeydew and resins and oils. Acorns are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A large long lived tree that can grow on most soils from free-draining to clay, often in neutral to acid soil overlying calcereous rocks, though not found in limestone or chalk. It can tolerate low temperatures in winter but requires a warm summer to grow well. Shade tolerant, it can grow as a double avenue in any orientation, or in a line. Can be coppiced or pleached
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to verticillium wilt and phytophthora

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A major honey producing tree mostly from the flowers but also from honeydew which is a significant contribution when aphids are active. Widely visited by all pollinators. Evidence that resins/oils are collected by honeybees for propolis.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: July

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small, generally short lived tree, but regenerates when damaged and can live for much longer. Tolerates a wide range of poor to rich, sandy to clay soils. Prefers and is associated with disturbed, nitrogen-rich and alkaline soils, though no strong dependence on alkaline soil pH. Not salt tolerant.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to verticillium wilt and honey fungus

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Not regularly visited by pollinators except flies, though does produce nectar from extra-floral nectaries, and honeydew is produced when aphids are active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 0 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: June

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: No
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: No
• Plant Support: No
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Berries are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree or shrub, this non-alluvial willow grows in marshy ground, most types of wet soil and on riverbanks. Occurs mainly in north of England and Scotland and is more typical of lowland areas. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major threats. Salix may be susceptible to honey fungus and watermark disease.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good source of nectar and pollen for all species of bee in spring, and a good source of honeydew when aphids are active. Also provides resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Medium
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree which grows in a wider range of soils than most other willows. Tolerates alkaline and relatively dry soils as well as marshy ground, lake margins or hedgerow. Occurs widely throughout the British Isles.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to honey fungus and watermark disease

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good source of nectar and pollen for all species of bee in spring, and a good source of honeydew when aphids are active. Also provides some resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Insufficient Data
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A fast growing small tree which grows best on moist, nutrient poor, acidic soils, away from the immediate area of the riverbank. Occurs widely throughout the British Isles
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to honey fungus and watermark disease

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good source of nectar and pollen for all species of bee in spring, and a good source of honeydew when aphids are active. Also provides resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A medium to large tree (though a dwarfing rootstock can be used). Deep rooted and tolerant of drought, high soil moisture and smoke pollution. Best on fertile soils where there are no severe spring frosts. Flowers being frost sensitive can be fan-grown along south-facing walls, or free-standing in milder areas of the British Isles.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Can be prone to bacterial disease such as fire blight or fungal disease such as pear scab

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good source of nectar and pollen in spring, although not such a rich nectar source as apple. Honeydew also produced when aphids are active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Mildly good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects which benefit from honeydew when aphids are active. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H4
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Full sun on loamy soils which are not too acid or alkaline, moist but free-draining, and can be fan-grown along south-facing walls, or free-standing in the milder south of the British Isles. Suitable for orchard style planting with a perimeter of larger trees around them for shelter protection. The blossom is very susceptible to frost damage, so is becoming suitable to grow in the south of the British Isles.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Squirrels are partial to the fruit. May be susceptible to honey fungus

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Extra-floral nectaries producing more nectar, found either side of the leaf stalk where the petiole meets the leaf blade, as well as honeydew when aphids are active, of value to all pollinators. As the climate warms, more nectar will be produced then it will significantly contribute to building up all bee colonies.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Mildly good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Honeydew also produced when aphids active, producing more nectar for many insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Suitable for an orchard style planting with a perimeter of larger trees around them for protection. Prefers good loamy soil, not too acid or alkaline. The blossom is very susceptible to frost damage so best grown on sheltered sites and not frost-pockets. Wild specimen have a greater tolerance of drought than cultivars.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  None of note at present in the UK

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Significant pollen and nectar will contribute to build up of all bee colonies, in a warm climate. Extra-floral nectaries also producing more nectar, found either side of the leaf stalk where the petiole meets the leaf blade, of value to all pollinators. Honeydew also produced when aphids active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Small to medium sized tree, suitable for most loamy soils on sheltered sites. Acidic to neutral optimum, though no strong dependence on soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  None of note at present in the UK

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Very good for the build up of bumble bee and honeybee colonies in spring. Total flowering time can be extended by choosing several different varieties. Honeydew also produced when aphids active. Extra-floral nectaries producing yet more nectar,
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree or bush which is shallow rooted and will grow in a wide range of fertile, warm soils, though does not tolerate heavy clay. Prefers a sunny site. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pests or diseases at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  An excellent source of nectar and pollen and some honeydew for all pollinators in early summer.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H4
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Suitable for an orchard style planting with a perimeter of larger trees around them for protection. Prefers good loamy soil, not too acid or alkaline. The blossom is very susceptible to frost damage so best grown on sheltered sites and not frost-pockets.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  None of note at present in the UK

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Significant pollen and nectar will contribute to spring build up of bee colonies in a warm climate. Extra-floral nectaries producing more nectar, found either side of the leaf stalk where the petiole meets the leaf blade, of value to all pollinators. Honeydew also produced when aphids active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March-Apr

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Tolerate a wide range of soil, sandy to clay & chalk, though no strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH. Grows best on fertile, loamy soil on sheltered sites and in full sun. Closely related to quince and apple, Medlar are an easy to grow small tree and requires no pruning. Historically grown in Britain as an orchard tree.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pest or disease at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  The shallow, open flowers produce plenty of nectar and pollen. If planted widely enough could contribute to honey production.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May-Jun

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low value general biodiversity, only fruit and seed for birds and mammals. High value to pollinators.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Tolerates a wide range of soil, sand to clay, and pH mildly acidic to mildly alkaline. Prefers a deep, nutrient rich loam. Some cultivars may be less hardy than the species.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Can be susceptible to bacterial disease fire blight, and fungal disease apple scab

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A good source of nectar and pollen and for encouraging pollinators. Can be used as a tree for cross pollination with Malus domestica.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Caterpillars of many species of moth feed on the leaves. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small to medium sized tree suited to any fertile soil with a range of textures, from sand to heavy clay, that are not too shallow or exposed. Grown best as an orchard tree and where other apple trees are nearby. Avoid shallow sites. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Can be susceptible to bacterial disease fire blight, and fungal disease apple scab

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Excellent source of nectar and pollen, especially if different varieties are grown to extend the flowering period. Useful for building up colonies of all bees in spring, with surplus honey being stored if the weather is good.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. fruit is available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Small to medium evergreen tree or shrub. Prefers any deep soil, with pH range from acid to neutral and tolerates waterlogging. There is a wide variation in this species in its native range New Zealand, from the hardy, alpine form (that tolerates gales and snow) to the less hardy lowland form (that tolerates maritime exposure and gales). A pioneer species that cannot tolerate shade and should thrive when conditions become hotter in the British Isles, though not drought tolerant.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Resistant to pests and diseases in the UK at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  The copious nectar is particularly good for honeybees in the June gap and to build up honey reserves, also helping bees fight off infections. Secretes nectar best in warm conditions.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: June

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: No
• Phytoremediation: No
• Deacidification: No
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: No
• Integrated Pest Management: Yes
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity value but service to pollinators is high particularly to bees, small birds enjoy nesting in its branches.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  An understorey tree in woodland. Will grow in all soils but prefer those that are well-drained and slightly acidic to neutral pH. Avoiding very wet and waterlogged sites, it grows well in urban and coastal sites tolerating exposure to wind and salt spray. Sensitive to drought and high summer temperatures (especially if isolated from other trees), and very heavy frost, so most often growing on the milder west coasts of British Isles.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pest or disease problems of note at present.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Secretes nectar freely in early summer, which is easily available to many bee species and other pollinators such as hoverflies and holly-blue butterfly. An important plant to pollinators if not clipped.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity and berries for food on female plants, for a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree or shrub that grows best in maritime or any free-draining sandy soil, pH neutral to alkaline. Tolerant of coastal gales. Cannot tolerate shade.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No pest or disease problems at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Wind pollinated so no nectar, only pollen produced by male trees which ladybird beetles observed feeding on.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 0 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: Yes
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: No
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good biodiversity and berries on female plants for food for a large range of birds and mammals. Thorny protection.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H4
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A columnar, medium sized evergreen tree. Grows best in sheltered, moist and slightly acid loamy soils. It prefers an open site, e.g. woodland clearings, yet does not grow well if shaded out by other trees, but at the same time not a very open site, as it requires the protection of other trees from wind damage and it grows best if the roots are shaded and cool, but its leaves are in the sun.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pests or disease at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A good source of pollen and nectar for winter stores for honeybees, and building up winter reserves for other bee species queens and other pollinators. Will produce much more nectar in a warmer climate.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: July-Aug

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: No
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity value but service to pollinators
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small tree usually grown as a specimen or in an orchard. It tolerates all but exposed sites. Full sun and moist, well-drained soil is ideal to produce large flowers and quality fruit. No strong dependence on either acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Quince leaf blight can affect fruit production but is not fatal.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A good source of nectar and pollen, and as the climate warms it could be widely grown for fruit production.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity value but service to pollinators and fruit and seed for a wide range of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small understorey tree in woodland but also grows well on its own. Hardy and adaptable it will grow in urban and coastal sites. Tolerant of virtually any site, sandy to heavy clay, dry or wet, unless in the extreme. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to fireblight

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  The shallow flowers provide nectar for all pollinators. Somewhat fickle in nectar production but sometimes abundant then honey is produced.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity, refers to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects, and fruit for a large range of birds and mammals. Small tree providing thorny protection.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A short-lived, fast growing understorey tree especially in oak woods. Coppices well if there is not too much shade. Grows at its best on nutrient-rich, alkaline soils. Dislikes soils which are too dry, sandy or peat.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pest or diseases at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Wind pollinated, so no nectar and a poor quality pollen. Bees will sometimes collect the pollen when better quality is not available.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 1 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: February

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Very good for biodiversity, referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, and nuts providing food for a large range of birds and mammals. Early pollen supply.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  (Synonym Sorbus domestica) A medium sized tree with open spreading branches. Favours dry to fresh site conditions and as with other Sorbus species, prefers an alkaline soil >pH7 and is drought tolerant. Found naturally on limestone cliffs. Natively rare probably because this is a light-demanding species and poor competitor. Grows in woodland as an understorey tree but competes weakly because it gets shaded out. Grows well on soft cliffs inland or on the coast where it competes by suckering and layering profusely. Copes well with salty spray. Does not like waterlogging.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to fire blight and silverleaf and if planted too densely, may suffer other issues affecting native members of the Rosaceae family. Also venturia fungus which causes little harm

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Good pollen and nectar when other sources may be scarce into the ‘June gap’
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-Jun

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  General value to biodiversity, fruit and seed for birds and mammals. High value to pollinators
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A fast growing, tall and spreading tree. Prefers acidic to neutral, well drained soil such as sandy loam, and avoids limestone. Needs a sunny location (will not fruit well in shade). Grown as a coppice in southern lowland Britain.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Susceptible to sweet chestnut blight, a major threat (but a contained, notifiable disease), can host phytophthora ramorum, P.cinnamomii, P.cambivora. Oriental chestnut gall wasp (notifiable pest and the only pest to cause galls on Sweet chestnut).

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A very good source of nectar and pollen and produces a honey which often contains a percentage of honeydew making it darker. The tree secretes nectar best in hot summers.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: July

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good biodiversity providing leaves for a large number of micro moths and provides nuts for a wide range of mammals especially red squirrels
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small evergreen tree or shrub which grows anywhere and tolerates any soil (except constantly waterlogged), enjoying full sun or partial shade. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pest or diseases at present. Another species in the same genus, B. vulgaris, is susceptible to wheat stem rust, but B. darwinii has never been susceptible to date.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Very floriferous and a good source of nectar and pollen for a wide range of bees.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Insufficient Data
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Insufficient Data
• Shade or Shelter: No
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Provides berries for a large number of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  (Synonym Sorbus aria) A medium sized tree that prefers very alkaline soils such as on chalk and limestone, as with other Sorbus species, an alkaline soil >pH7. Also tolerates neutral -alkaline and shallow calcereous soils. Drought tolerant, currently distributed mainly in southern regions.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pests or diseases at present

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Masses of flowers worked freely for nectar and pollen in early summer.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Berries are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: High
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A small evergreen tree or strongly branched bush. A stress-tolerant pioneer that will grow on cliffs, rocky places and the edges of woodland, tolerating salt spray and gales. But cannot tolerate waterlogging and seedlings are very susceptible to shading and frost. Fire resistant. After fire or wind-blown damage, it will throw out natural coppice or root from fallen stems. No strong dependence on either acid or alkaline soil pH, but will tolerate very acid soils.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  At risk from Phytophthora ramorum.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A source of nectar and pollen in late autumn for bumblebee queens and honeybees. Milder winters will increase its importance e.g. Buff-tailed bumble bee colonies are having a second generation which will then require more of this type of plant.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 1 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: October-Nov

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: No
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: No
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity but fruit are available to a large number of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: High
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Grows in wet soil right up to the river edge and in swampy conditions. Suits most soils and sites, such as coarse sand and gravel, except shallow chalk.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to phytophthora alni, a major threat.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Although wind pollinated and so there is no nectar, and though the pollen is not as highly nutritious as other pollens, bees will work the flowers in early spring for its pollen.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 1 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity, which refers to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects, and its seeds are available to a large number of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Medium
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  Will grow on most soils, including, poor sites, coarse sand & gravel. even chalk, though no strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to Phytophthora alni, a major threat.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Wind pollinated, so there is no nectar and the pollen is less nutritious than some other pollen sources, bees work the flowers for early spring pollen.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 0 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 1 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: March

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: Yes
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: Yes
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Yes
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity, refers to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, and seeds are available to a large number of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Low
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H5
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A larger tree than the common Horse chestnut, and preferring a slightly more alkaline soil, though will grow in any soil medium to nutrient poor. Only found growing infrequently in British Isles parkland. A canopy tree but not as tall as our native canopy trees and would probably not compete well with them, hence not suitable for growing in dense woodland except at the edges. Best to avoid sites of continual human activity because fallen leaves are slippery and in strong winds, branches are prone to break off and fall suddenly even from healthy trees. No strong dependence on acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  Not impacted by ‘bleeding canker’ which affects Aesculus hippocastanum. Leaf blotch fungus Phyllosticta paviae, and leaf miner are both less severe on this species than on the closely related A. hippocastanum

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A good source of nectar and pollen in the ‘June gap’ when relatively few other tree species are in flower. A primary source of resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis, and some honeydew available when aphids active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: June

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity value but service to pollinators and nuts for a large range of birds and mammals
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 9 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A large majestic tree with spreading branches, usually grown as a specimen in an avenue or in a line. Hardy and will grow in any loamy soil, medium to nutrient poor. Can grow in acidic soil, though no strong dependence on either acid or alkaline soil pH.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to ‘bleeding canker’ Pseudomonas syringae, which is fatal. May be affected by leaf blotch fungus Phyllosticta paviae which is unsightly but not seriously damaging, as is horse chestnut leaf miner. Can host Phytophthora ramorum

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A very good source of nectar and pollen enabling bee colonies to build up well in spring. A primary source of resins/oils for honeybees to make propolis, and some honeydew available when aphids active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-Jun

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: No
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Low biodiversity value but of service to pollinators and seed for a large range of birds and mammals, and honeydew for insects when aphids active.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H7
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A canopy tree of open woodland, growing best where there is not too much shade. Will grow in all soils except the heaviest clay or poorest sandy soil. It tolerates wind and salt, so will grow in mountainous areas and by the sea where other trees will not. Can be coppiced and pollarded and makes an attractive avenue tree especially in built up areas as it tolerates pollution. Note that it seeds freely, so young, unwanted seedlings will need to be weeded out.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to Phytophthora ramorum

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Although only flowering for a few weeks, it produces abundant nectar and pollen. The short flowers are visited by all insects. Can be one of the major producers of spring honey. Also produces much honeydew when aphids are active
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Toxic
• Invasive Risk: Yes
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Biodiversity value fairly low but high biomass of aphids, providing large amounts of honeydew for all pollinators and seed for food for a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 2 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A medium sized understorey tree in woodland that can be coppiced or pollarded. A lowland species that can grow in a range of soils, even mildly acid if nutrient rich. Though prefers alkaline, heavy soils including heavy clay.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  No major pest or disease susceptibility at present.

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  Produces plenty of nectar and pollen early in the year to aid build up of bumblebee, mining bees and honeybee colonies. Honeydew is produced when aphids are active
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 3 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: April-May

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Insufficient Data
• Phytoremediation: Insufficient Data
• Deacidification: Insufficient Data
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Insufficient Data
• Integrated Pest Management: Insufficient Data
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity, which refers to invertebrate feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds are available as food to a large number of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: No
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  (Synonym Sorbus torminalis) A medium sized tree for a wide range of soils including on limestone with clay, often on alkaline, but also found on neutral or acid soil. Prefers an open aspect without too much shade. Found at present in lowland Britain and only reaches as far north as Cumbria and Yorkshire.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to fireblight and silverleaf and if planted too densely, may suffer other issues affecting native members of the Rosaceae family

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  good source of nectar and pollen, masses of flowers freely worked when there might be a dearth of other sources into the ‘June gap’. With some honeydew when aphid active.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 2 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 1 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: May-Jun

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: Yes

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: No
• Phytoremediation: No
• Deacidification: No
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: No
• Shade or Shelter: No
• Plant Support: No
• Integrated Pest Management: No
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Berries are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)

Species Tolerances

• Drought Tolerance: Medium
• Shade Tolerance: Yes
• Waterlogging Tolerance: Low
• Frost Tolerance (trees from warmer climates may be frost tolerant, but their flowers may not be): Yes
• RHS Hardiness: H6
• Optimum Conditions for Growth:
  A very large, long lived tree that prefers rich, alkaline and free-draining soils. It can tolerate low temperatures in winter but requires a warm summer to grow well. Shade tolerant, it can grow as a double avenue in any orientation, or in a line. Can be coppiced or pleached. Now natively not common, growing wild in a few sites such as West Midlands, moors and downs.
• Susceptibility to Pest/Disease:
  May be susceptible to verticillium wilt and phytophthora

Service to Pollinators

• Summary of Service to Pollinators:
  A major honey producing tree mostly from the flowers but also from honeydew which is a significant contribution when aphids are active. Widely visited by all pollinators. Evidence that resins/oils are collected by honeybees for propolis. Flowering slightly earlier than Small leaved lime, this tree rescues hungry pollinators from the ‘June gap’.
• Nectar Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Honeydew Value to Pollinators: 3 (of 0-3)
• Pollen Value to Bees: 2 (of 0-3)
• Flowering Period: June-Jul

Risks

• Human Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Livestock Toxicity: Non-toxic
• Invasive Risk: No
• Suckering: No

Utility

• Nitrogen Fixation: No
• Organic Matter Accumulation: Yes
• Phytoremediation: No
• Deacidification: No
• Windbreak: Yes
• Soil Erosion Control: Yes
• Shade or Shelter: Yes
• Plant Support: Yes
• Integrated Pest Management: No
• Wildlife Value: Yes
• Wildlife Value Summary:
  Good for biodiversity referring to invertebrate diversity feeding on the tree, especially insects. Seeds and fruit are available to a large range of birds and mammals.
• Graduated Nativeness Classification
  ⓘ

  1. Historic Native
  2. Historic Introduction
  9. Neutral Introduction
  
  : 1 (of 1-10)